THE HISTORISITY AND TRADITION OF
PESANTREN BENDA KEREP
A
Historical And Antropological Study Of Unmodernized Pesantren Benda Kerep in
Argasunya, Harjamukti, Cirebon
Kairin, S.Hum
NIP : 199204102019031015
ABSTRACT :
In the fifteenth century, Islam had strived in Java. Mainly in West Java, the Islamic courts
– Kraton-kraton – of Cirebon had played an enermous role at this early
development of Islam. Furthermore, the second former ruler of Kraton Ciebon,
Syekh Syarif Hidayatullah or well known as Sunan Gunung Djati, was one of Wali Songo (the nine sints) in Java,
whose descents then spreaded to the rural village around the court to build
pesantrens. Therefore, between the 19th and 20th centuries, Cirebon was one of
the centres of pesantren in Java by the establishment of some pesantrens. Pesantren
Benda Kerep is - instead of Pesantren Buntet, Gedongan, and Kempek - one of the
inheritances of the Islamic court, Kraton Cirebon. Unlike other traditional
pesantrens in Cirebon, It has kept its traditions, so that it now becomes the
fossil of ancient Cirebonese civilisation. However, it should eventually
receive some ways of alternation.
Keywords
: Tradition, Pesantren, and alternation
INTRODUCTION
When
speaking about Benda Kerep, we probably do not believe that in the city zone
strived an unpretentious, traditional and isolist pesantren as Benda Kerep. Its
strategic position and geography as a part of the city of Cirebon preferred to
keep the local culture rather than following the gobalization stream. It is
also well known as an ancient fossil of traitional society in Cirebon which is still
alive in a modern and techology era. The principles and norms which it held
indicates that it is hidden from the nasty cultures outside. The heterogent
society of Benda Kerep does not dispel their solidarity in preserving the
principles and continious traditions inherited from generation to generation.
Such a thing makes the writer interested to deeperly explore Pesantren Benda
Kerep and be focused on research in its historic tradition and alternation
The
presence of Pesantren Benda Kerep, one of the oldest pesantren in Cirebon, is
related to the political escalation of Kesultanan Cirebon. The fuonding father
of pesantren Benda Kerep, Kiai Sholeh Zamzami, was indeed one of the descents
of Kraton Kanoman who along with his family left the court due to the
intervantion of Ducth-Colonial-Government into Kraton bureaucracy. After
Panembahan Ratu II or Panembahan Girilaya dead in 1662, the dominance of
Cirebon was divided toward three princes : The prince Martawijaya, The prince
Kartawijaya, and Pangeran Wangsakerta. The circumtance of divided Cirebon made
Prince Martawijayah desired to reunite all regions of Cirebon. He,
consequently, asked help of Ducth-Colonialist to grab the power of his relatives.
Then it was the agreement between the court and the colonialist that Cirebon
should have been a part of colonialist authority, and every court’s policy must
have been suitable to the colonialist desire.
This
situation made the court’s family who did not agree with the colonialist left
it out. They built the cottages as a learning place for people in the rural
area of Cirebon. one of them was Kiai Sholeh, the founding father of Pesantren
Benda Kerep in Argasunya, Harjamukti, Cirebon which is very famous with its
keeping tradition and unique.
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PESANTREN
BENDA KEREP
The
history of pesantren Benda Kerep is an interply to the power political
escalation of the islamic court in Cirebon in seventeenth and Eighteenth
centuries. After panembahan Ratu, the ruler of Cirebon Court, was replaced by
Panembahan Girilaya who passed away in jail of Islamic Mataram Kingdom. The
kingdom of Cirebon was divided into three regions of court : The Prince
Martawijaya reigned in Kasepuhan Court, the prince Kartawijaya ruled the
Kanoman Court and the last Prince wangsakerta sat on the throne of Kaprabonan
Court. Then, in order to reunite the power of kingdom Cirebon and to influence
the already divided regions, the government of Dutch Colonialist came into the
politic jails and intervented every roles in the body of courts. Such a case
made many family of the courts choosed to hang out from courts and built a
boarding school in rural area and so did Kiai Sholeh, the founder of Pesantren
Benda Kerep, and his family go away from Court to build Pesantren in Cimeuweuh,
a village of Kelurahan Argasunya Kecamatan
Harjamukti Cirebon in 1862.
The
land of Benda Kerep was actually part of the Kanoman Court and so was the
intention of Kiai Sholeh to build pesantren on that place was the order of Kiai
Anwaruddin as his uncle and friend as well. Before Kiai Sholeh established
Pesantren Benda Kerep, he had along with Kiai Anwaruddin already built a
pesantren and stayed in Situ Patok, Mundu. He then moved to Gegunung, Sumber
and made another pesantren.
Through
the long ride to Gegunung, Kiai Anwaruddin acquired a clue that Kiai Sholeh who
was highly tough in sufism had to move to Cimeuweuh once he was needed to
conquer the unseen influences around it. Kiai Anwarudin thought that Sumber
would become the centre of Cirebon government and it would give bad impact to
his family and generation as well as his sufism. It was, morever, unapropiate
to hide the family from crowd.
Coming
from this clue, Kiai Sholeh and Kiai Anwaruddin went to Cimeuweh with the
intention to conquer the land from mysterious intruption. Having arrived to
that place, they both asked Allah help and safety from the hidden disturbtion.
By the karomah
of Kiai Sholeh and Kiai Anwarudin the unseen settlers around Cimeuweuh
hanged out and were submitted.
The
village cimeuweuh was highly popular for its eerieness. Besides, according to
Kiai Miftah, the term cimeuweuh came from the word “ci-eweuh” which means to be
nothing because whoever came in to the village – which is still an untouched wood then – would
disappear and never came back.
Untill Kiai Sholeh came to fall unseen creatures living in the wood out.
In the other hand, based on the data collected
from Kiai Miftah, a son of Kiai Faqih, on
the prosess of conquerring, the unseen in cimeuweuh were conquered and might have
gone out from that place except two creatures : the mysterious tiger and snake.
They made a deal with Kiai Sholeh that they should always protect and take care
of Kiai Sholeh’s grand-sons. The information was corrected by Kiai Muhammad
Nuh, a son-in-law of Kiai Hasan bin Kiai Abu Bakar bin Kiai Sholeh.
Furthermore, according to Kiai Muhammad Nuh, up to the present, the people of
Cimeuweuh – Benda Kerep now – often see the presence of the mysterious white
tiger and a massive snake around Benda Kerep.
In
short, after the land of Cimeuweh was able to be conquered. The news of its
conquest arrived to Sultan Zulkarnaen,
the ruling regime of Kanoman Court then, having heard the good news, the land
of cimeuweuh, still belonged to him, was granted by him to Kiai Sholeh as long
as it would be used to be the centre of learning Islamic knowledge and the
preaching of the Islam religion. It made a familiar relationship between Benda
Kerep and Kanoman Court getting tighter and tighter.
By
the time, Kiai Sholeh started to settle in Cimeuweuh along with his first wife
nyai Menah from Pekalongan. On the first days in Cimeuweuh he built Kranggon,
like a cottage as a ressidance. Because there were and are available trees of
Benda spreaded across the village Cimeuweuh, people around it then named the
Place Benda Kerep.
The
presence of Benda Kerep as a new face of Cimeuweuh had certainly attracted
various intentions from Cirebon society. Morever there was a noble person
having high standard of Islamic knowledge and standing with sublime attitude as
well as tightly handling the principes of aqidah. As a result, many Cireboneses
especially those from around Benda Kerep intended to learn and study there. It
then made Benda Kerep crowder due to the students coming from out of Cirebon as
well. Hence, Kiai Sholeh felt that he should have grounded the knowledge of Islam
more serriously.
Therefore, The cottage where Kiai Sholeh and his wife lived was after that
renovated to give more comfortness. Kiai Sholeh with the help of his students
built the haouse which would be the first house in Benda Kerep. It still stands
up on the ground with little renovaton and becomes the house of Kiai Fakih, the
grand son of Kiai Sholeh from Kiai Abu Bakar.
In
the era of Dutch-colony, Pesantren Benda Kerep was never touched by Ducth since
when they came to invade, It by the permission of god became invisible. The only
did the Ducths see was not a land but the sea. Even though their land was not reached by
Ducth-colony, it did not make the family of Kiai Sholeh careless of the
colonialisation. As Kiai Miftah said that one of his uncle, Kiai Mas’ud,
grand-son of Kiai Sholeh from Kiai Muslim, was involved in the war of
independence of Republic Indonesia.
KIAI SHOLEH ZAMZAMI AND HIS
GENEALOGY
Genealogicly
Kiai Sholeh is still the descent of Syekh Syarif hidayatullah, well-known as
Sunan Gunung Djati, the former ruler of Cirebon Court. Following is the
genealogy of Kiai Sholeh :
Syarif Hidayatullah
(Sunan Gunung Jati)
Pangeran Pasarean
Pangeran Dipati
Pangeran
Panembahan
Pangeran Dipati
Pangeran
Ratu
Kang
seda ing Girilaya
Pangeran
Sutajaya
Kang seda ing Tambak
Pangeran
Sutajaya
Kang
seda ing Grogol
Dalem
Kebon ing Gebang
Dalem Anom / Sultan
Senapati
Pangeran
Sutajaya ing Gebang
Kocap Sultan Matangaji
Raden
Bagus
Raden Punjul
Raden Ali
Raden Muhammad Nuruddin
Raden
Muridin
KH. Muta’ad
KH. Abdul Jamil KH. Sholeh Zamzami
Kiai
Sholeh is predicted to live at the same age as did Kiai Asy’ari, father of Kiai
Hasyim As’ari, founder of Pesantren Tebu Ireng (1826). through a magical power
of Kiai Sholeh, Benda Kerep which had been full of mystic sensation seemed glowing with the light of Islam
shining at every corner on the village. The prosess of teachimg Islam was well conducted
where the verses of Koran were recited in core of the jungle. The applied Islamic
teaching which always touched great value, attitude, and morality tightly
adhered on every single Benda Kerep citizens.
However,
on the other side, Kiai Sholeh himself was disturbed as if he felt empty that something
had lost in his life. This restlessness began to appear when realizing that his
only wife did not get pregnant yet whereas the presence of sons and grandsons
is highly important to advance the regeneration of relay race Kiai Sholeh struggle
in establishing Islamic law in Benda Kerep. By so long reflecting escorted by
prayers and his wife’s blessing, he eventually took a decision to again get
merried. It was then Nyai Merah from Manafizaha who was marreid as the second
wife by Kiai Sholeh. From
the result of this marriage, the wishes of Kiai Sholeh to have generation
Apparently came true. Nyai Merah gave him three children : two sons and a
daughter. The males are Kiai Muslim and Kiai Abu Bakar and the only female is
Nyai Qona’ah.
Ragarding
the legacies of the next generaton, Kiai Muslim as the first child had seven
sons, some of whom are Kiai Kaukab, Kiai Fahim, Kiai Fatin, Kiai Mas’ud, Kiai
Zaeni Dahlan, and Kiai Muhtadi who have all been living in Benda Kerep as well
as Kiai Sayuti who lived in Cibogo. In addition, from Kiai Abu Bakar, the
second son of Kiai Sholeh, according to the information acquired that he had
two sons : Kiai Hasan, the father-in-law of Kiai Muhammad Nuh and Kiai Faqih,
the biological father of Kiai Miftah, who have all been living in Benda Kerep.
Looked at above genealogies, it could be certain that the both sons of Kiai
Sholeh and their descents mostly lived in Benda Kerep and went on Kiai Sholeh’s
dedication.
The
little family of Kiai Sholeh and Nyai Merah strived to have been a large
family, which each child then stood alone and separated to build their own
family. This new generation family more and more enlievened the whole
activities in Benda Kerep, which made the people around attracted to join
gathering and studying in Pesantren Benda Kerep. Besides, to celebrate the establishment
of Pesantren Benda Kerep and to give prayer to dead family of Kiai Sholeh,
people organize the haul ceremony
which is held on Dzulhijjah, 12th, 13th, 14th or every year after the day of Idul
Adha.
SYSTEMS OF TEACHING
Just
like other traditional pesantrens in Cirebon, Pesantren Benda Kerep has long
applied the method and educational system of traditional pesantren. The forms
of teaching like sorogan, wetonan and
ceramah are very common to be
conducted here. The following will expand on how the sorts of teaching in the
system of traditional pesantren education are practiced in Pesantren Benda
Kerep from time to time.
The
first is system wetonan, the main method in Pesantren
education. The system wetonan applied
is a lecturing system, where ustadz, the teacher of pesantren, reads a book
while his students give the meaning and write some explanations needed on the
book they examine. Zamakhsyari Dhofier furthermore explains that the method wetonan is a teaching on which the
teacher reads, translates, explains, and reviews the Arabic books of Islam
while a group of Santri listen to him/her.
The teaching prosess of wetonan in pesantren Benda Kerep used the salaf books correlated
to contemporerary phenomenom, namely, from the salaf books examined,
they then expand and correlate it to be suited with the present age which can
facilitate the students to understand the content of the books. The
system can be divided into some activities : (1) Wetonan after praying ( Shubuh, Dzuhur, and Isya), (2) The speedy
teching at certain time and (3) The taching in month Ramadhan. The islamic
books examined in daily implemented wetonan are Tafsir Jalalain, Shahih Bukhori, Sirojut Thalibi, Tanbihul Ghafilin and
so on.
Secondly,
the system sorogan, it is practiced
in Pesantren Benda Kerep is the system of “an Active santri”. The student reads
an islamic book in front of ustadz, then the ustadz asked some issues involved
in the content having been read. The ordinary teaching system by sorogan is the
learning quran for beginner and Islamic
salaf books for intermediate students. The books taught by this method is Safinatunnajah (emphasizing on
comprehensing nahwu sharaf), Sulam Taufiq
(stressing at the understanding of text) dan Fathul Qorib (presuring on concepting the text dan masail waq’iyyah).
Beside
as a medium to obtain a deep understanding of Islamic books (kitab kuning), the
implementation of sorogan is also made to be an arena of developing the
attitudes of santri and ustadz. The teaching held which used the system of
sorogan required all students to sit
circle while listening to Ustadz or kiai sitting in the middle. Both students
and teacher sit on the ground in an open chamber.
Lastly, the
lecture system, this is highly infrequently found and usually explained by kiai
or ustadz in certain moments. The same system in Pesantren Benda Kerep is applied
once a week by paying attention to muidloh hasanah or tausiyah at Thursday
night before doing tahlilan. The content of the Mauidloh Hasanah is decleared by
telling a story that it is supported by citational reference from Koran.
The
curriculum available in Benda Kerep is basicly not far different from that in
other pesantrens, since the Islamic books utilized and the teaching method
applied are similar to those taught by them. Nevertheless, Pesantren Benda
Kerep absolutely insists on not putting seculer lessons into its pesantren
curriculum.
The
activities of students and people of Benda Kerep are mostly used to learn. No
day is without teaching. Besides, they are demanded to know about the grammar
of Arabic and to remember Koran as well as hadits. Out of these schedules they
are sunk below a ritual of tarekat or
riyadloh. In addition, every Friday, students
are free from any teaching activity. From thrusday night, the agenda of
reciting the holy Koran is replaced by doing tahlilan, yasinan, and marhabanan in mosque of Pesantrren.
TAREKAT
AND RIYADLOH
Regarding
the traditions of religious ritual developing in Pesantren Benda Kerep, it was
related to the flowering of islamic missionary. The use of sufism tradition as
a medium of preacing has been proved to attract rural people to keep and lift
the piety to god. It could be seen that one of tarekat mu’tabaroh (accepted
tarekat for traditional moslems)
in Benda Kerep has still been thriving : tarekat syatariah.
If the
mursyid, a teacher of tarekat, genealogy of this tarekat is furrowed, one of
the figure correlated to this track is the founder of Pesantren Benda Kerep,
Kiai Sholeh. Tarekat syatariah had established in pesantren Benda Kerep through
the link of Kiai Anwaruddin (Kiai Kriyan), the student of Kiai Asy’ari from
pesantren Kaliwungu Kendal, Central Java . Kiai Anwaruddin himself was in
addition son-in law of Kiai Muta’ad, father of Kiai Sholeh, from Buntet
Pesantren. These are the spiritual genealogy of tarekat syatariah :
Nabi Muhammad
Ali bin Abi Thalib
Husein
Zain
al-A’bidin
Al-Baqir
Ja’far Shadiq
Abi Yasin Al-Busthomi
Muhammad Maghribi
Abi Yazid al-Ashaq
Al-Mudhafar Turki at-Tusi
Hasan Khirqani
Hadaqly
Muhammad ‘Asyiq
‘Arif
Andillah
Syattari
Qadhi Syattari
Hidayatillah Sarmat
Hudhari
Al-Ghawth
Sibghatillah
Ahmad
Syanani

Ahmad Qasyasyi
Malla Ibrahim al-Mu’alla
Thahir
Ibrahim
Thahir
Madani
Muhammad Sayyid Madani
Kiai Asy’ariau
Kiai Anwaruddin Kriyani
Sholeh Zamzami
Kiai Abdul Jamil
Kiai Muslim (Buntet Pesantren)
Kiai abu Bakar
Kiai Faqih
Kiai Hasan
Kiai
Anwaruddin as a founder of tarekat
syatariah in Buntet pesantren was given an authority by Kiai Asy-ari Kaliwungu
to be a mursyid. The accepting authority to him can be traced through the
spiritual genealogy of Kiai Anwaruddin. He, hence, was the 29th guidence of
tarekat syatariah, and so did Kiai Sholeh as his conggregant become the 30th
guidence or mursyid of this tarekat according to the genealogically spiritual
chain to the prophet Muhammad.
Kiai
Sholeh inherited the tarekat to Kiai Muslim, Kiai Abu Bakar, Kiai Faqih, Kiai Hasan, and Kiai Miftah who
have been allowed to recruit their own conggregants. It could be said that there
is a sort of a certain autonomy for Kiai Sholeh’s descents to recrut
conggregant of tarekat syatariah. As a result, the existance of this has still
been strong and even positively flowering.
Futhermore, from the routines of santri
in pesantren Benda Kerep, it seems that they are accustumed to practicing riyadloh such as fasting on Monday and
thrusday and mujahadah, chanting
holly words. The habbits became a unique tradition of the pesantren which even
could survive up to now. Further, On its history, the flowering of riyadloh practicing in Benda Kerep from
the past untill recently has never changed. However, the intensity and commitment
to applicate the riyadloh performing
experienced a little decline.
As Kiai Miftah said that the earlier santri of Benda Kerep were popular for
their apprehension, Monday-thrusday fasting habit, and diligently keeping
worship. Along with the alternation of age, the students coming to benda kerep
are more various, some of whom are unobidient to maintan the roles and norms.
Moreover, according to senior student, Farihin, morality and tradition
degradation in Benda Kerep are mostly affected by the temporary students. The
various obedience level and and background yield the kinds of problems. Therefore
the riyadloh performed by students of
benda kerep from time to time experienced lowering intensity.
TRADITION OF MULUDAN
The
biggest agenda in ceremonies of Islamic great days in Pesantren Benda Kerep is
the ceremony of Maulid Nabi Muhammad
(the commemoration of Muhammad’s birth day) on every Rabiul Awal
12th. In this celebration, the village of Benda Kerep is as if celebrating
people party. Every single house prepares “berkat” , a sort of package for those coming to Tahlilan ceremony. It
even can make a mob, probably up to thousands of people load the mosque and the
yard of pesantren.
On
its development, the history of the celebration of Maulid Nabi in Benda Kerep
was only done in the area of pesantren mosque. Along with the development of
Benda Kerep zone, mainly those who came in due to political escalation in the
era of an old order (1965),
more and more people intended to participate in the agenda of maulid.
Furthermore, many of those new comers became enterpreuners and made small
businesses in Jakarta which elevated the economic condition of people around
Benda Kerep. It thus contributed to make the maulid ceremony crowder.
In
1988, when electricity came to Benda Kerep, the celebration of maulid was not
only conducted in mosque but also in houses of citizens. It could happen in
some days since every house wanted to take part in providing the “berkats”, so
the implementation of maulid should have been divided into 10 house each day.
To fully get all houses in Benda Kerep, it could take dozens of days to finish.
That is such a social religious tradition flowering in Benda Kerep. The
developments of this unique tradition are historicly because of its demographic
mobility and the blooming of the Benda Kerep citizens’ economy.
THE DEMAND TO WEAR MOSLEM CLOTHING
The
clothing weared by santri Benda Kerep citizen must have been appropiate to the
role of local tradition : wearing moslem clothings. The dress for man is
remless cap and sarong, while the women should wear long-handed clothes and
veil. For man especially, in the age of Kiai sholeh, it was relly forbiden to
apply trousers since considered to be similiar to Ducth colonialist.
Consequently, On every Friday prayer in mosque of Benda Kerep, each conggregant
was demanded to use sarong which was also required to all guests visiting it to
wear provided sarong and cap. Besides, it was said that in 1990s those who were
unproperly dressed coming in the village would gain a slap from an unseen creature. That is why
Kiai Faqih sometimes did not receive any guest unproperly wearing : not to
dress sarong and remless cap.
However,
today, visiting people not applying moslem clothing are allowed to come in even
though they are not respected as those properly dressing sarong and cap.
Furthermore students who do not wear a cap do not accept any reprimand as it
did before. In short, the perpetuation of the culture of wearing-sarong and
remless cap experiensed alternation
since its appereance in very early age of Pesantren Benda Kerep up to the
present.
REFUSING ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND TO
MAKE A BRIDGE
Regarding reconstruction of the bridge
on the river of Benda Kerep and Benda Kulon, the
guidances and people around Benda Kerep intensionally did not build it on the
river in probably order to hide the village and its settlers from Ducth
colonialist. With the result that people could live and do whorship peacefully
and santris were quietly able to learn without the colonialist watching. The
information is strengthened by simple but critic statement of Kiai Sholeh that
the presence of a bridge would cause the acculturation of local and interurban
culture which would make noise from sorts of vihcles like car and motorcycle.
It was distinctly about to disturb the composure and and absorption of santri
and people of Benda kerep in conducting worship and learning.
In
2006, one, in the name of Pesantren Benda Kerep, proposed an aid to construct a
bridge. The proposal was granted by related instantion and it was going to make
it real. However, the citizens and kiais of Benda kerep mostly rejected it. The
project material having been carried eventually was used to build concrete
heaps to accros nd embankment on the river side. Accordingly, some material as
well as a heavy engine were brought by flood.
On
the other point of view, the writer indicates that the existing of a bridge for
Benda Kerep people would just make their economic machines disturbed.
Considering at the first time of Cimeweuh opened for pesantren and village,
people depended their lives on farming in rice field and hunting at the river.
Eternality and sustainability of the river as well as the environment of Benda
Kerep therefore became a priority, rather than building a bridge considered to
crush their economic sources. Finally, inspite of the fact that the bridge was
not built but a concrete heap in 2011, people could come in and out Benda
Kerep.
As
a trditional pesantren guarding the wisdom tradition. Benda Kerep firstly
forbid the electricity to come in this village whatever the reson was, yet by
the time electric generator was used from 1986 to 1988. It was followed by the
effort of local government through the program Listrik Masuk Desa (the electricity comes in village) that
electricity was accepted in the heart of Benda Kerep citizens in 1988.
Nevertheless, it had only to be used as illumination at night and during the
the prosess of learning.
The
electricity in Benda Kerep also affect the modernsation of infrastructure
there. It could be found that houses around Benda Kerep have imitated the
modernized house styles. The progress on infrastructure after electricity came
in, did not make the citizen dissapointed because they are convinced that the
advancement of science and technology, being about to affect their pesantren,
did not have to seen as the purpose of life itself.
Consequently, despite the fact that electricity and luxirious houses have decorated
Benda Kerep, tradition identity and commitment toward norms still became their
priority scale.
Based
on the result of the deep research and discussion on historisity and tradition of
Pesantren Benda Kerep in Argasunya, Harjamukti, Cirebon, it can be gained some
following conclusions :
1. Social
religious tradition : including the celebration of great Islamic days such as :
tradition of Maulid Prophet Muhammad, the obligation to wear moslem clothing
for santri, kiai, citizen and even guests of Pesanten Benda Kerep.
2. Tradition
of religious ritual : involving activities of tarekat syatariah for Kiai, and
senior student as well as conducting riyadloh to all students, and
3. Silence
tradition : it is as an effort to shelter students and citizens of Pesantren
Benda Kerep from a nasty outside culture by refusing to build a bridge on their
only traffic, and also impacted the banning of electronic devise utilizing like
television, radio and sound speaker.
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Izzati, Nurma. dkk, 2014. “Pedoman penulisan proposal/skripsi”. Cirebon
: IAIN sejati press : CV. Pangger.
Qomar, Mujamil. 1996. “Pesantren
Dari Transformasi Metodologi Menuju Demokratisasi Institusi.” Jakarta:
Erlangga.
Raharjo, Dawan. 1985. “Pergulatan
Dunia Pesantren membangun dari bawah”. Jakarta: P3M.
Sarwono, Sarlito
Wirawan. 1995 “Teori-teori psikologi sosial”. Jakarta : PT Raja grafindo
persada.
Sulton, M. dan
Khusnuridlo, M. 2006. “Manajemen Pondok Pesantren Dalam Prespektif Global”.Yogyakarta:
Laksbang PresSindo.
Syathori, A. 2012. “Modernisasi
Pendidikan Di Pesantren (Studi Sistem Pendidikan Pesantren Al-Shighor Gedongan
Kecamatan Pangenan Kabupaten Cirebon)”. Cirebon: IAIN Syekh Nurjati.
Website
Interviews
An interview with Kiai Miftah, The guidence of Pesantren Benda Kerep, on February 22nd, 2015. at 09 : 30 am.
An interview with Kiai Miftah, The guidence of Pesantren Benda Kerep, on February 2nd, 2016. at 07 : 45 pm.
An interview with
Nurrohman, a senior student of Pesantren Benda Kerep, on Januari 21st, 2016, at 00 : 30 pm.
An interview with
Muhammad, a citizen of Benda Kulon, on January
21st, 2016,
at 01.15 pm.
An interview with
Hamdan, a student of Pesantren Benda Kerep on February 12th, 2016 02.00 pm.
An interview with
Farihin , an alumnus of Pesantren Benda Kerep, on February 12th, 2016 11.50 pm.
An interview with
syatori, a citizen of Benda Kerep on February 12th, 2016 at 17.50 pm
An interview with Kiai
Miftah, The guidence of Pesantren
Benda Kerep on Februari 12th 2016 at 10.15 pm
. An interview with Kiai Miftah, The guidence of Pesantren Benda Kerep, on February 22nd, 2015. at 09 : 30 am.
.
An
interview with Kiai Miftah, The guidence of Pesantren Benda Kerep, on February 22nd, 2015. at 09 : 30 am.
http://dalilaahsanah.blogspot.com/2011/06/sejarah-singkat-benda-kerep.html
A. G. Muhaimin,
The Islamic traditions of Cirebon :
ibadat and adat among Javanese muslims, (Canberra : ANU E Press, 1995), p. 250-251
An interview
with Kiai Miftah, The guidence of Pesantren Benda Kerep, on February 13td, 2016.
at 10 : 15 am.
An interview with Farihin, an allumnus of
Pesantren Benda Kerep,
on February 12nd, 2016. at 23 : 50
am.
An interview with Syatori, The citizen of
Pesantren Benda Kerep,
on February 22nd, 2015. at 09 : 30 am.